Proprio in questi giorni sono usciti i risultati degli studi condotti dalla Società Italiana di psichiatria rispetto alle conseguenze psicologiche della pandemia. Sono dati molto attesi non solo per chi è del settore, perché fin’ ora ci eravamo appoggiati a studi condotti da altre nazioni, la Cina su tutte.
Gli esiti di queste ricerche parlano di disturbo post traumatico da stress, con sintomi cronici o persistenti. Tali sintomi vanno da insonnia a incubi ed ansia e possono colpire un individuo su tre.
Il disturbo da stress post-traumatico è un disturbo psichiatrico che può svilupparsi in seguito all’esposizione ad eventi traumatici così eccessivi da determinare uno sconvolgimento psichico – spiegano Massimo di Giannantonio ed Enrico Zanalda, co-presidenti della Società Italiana di Psichiatria – non è un evento che si realizza immediatamente dal punto di vista clinico, ma ha bisogno di tempo per costruirsi. Gli effetti sulle persone sono a lungo termine e talvolta cronici, e dipendo anche dalla capacità del soggetto di adattarsi e affrontare le avversità. Se nella prima fase della pandemia abbiamo osservato un preoccupante aumento dei livelli di ansia, depressione e insonnia, lo stress persistente di una situazione di emergenza che dura da quasi un anno, senza alcuna certezza di uscirne a breve, rappresenta un evento traumatico cronico che è ancora in divenire ma di cui vediamo già gli effetti nel tempo, allargati alla popolazione generale.
Ma quali sono i traumi che oggi possiamo riscontrare?
Possiamo distinguere tra:
L Traumi lievi.I traumi lievi sono l’aver perso la libertà, il confinamento in spazi piccoli, la gestione difficoltosa dei figli piccoli, dei disabili e degli anziani, le perdite economiche, il timore del contagio, la perdita dei contatti sociali. I loro sintomi si esprimono con espressioni psicosomatiche come:
- cefalea;
- disturbi intestinali;
- difficoltà digestive;
- tachicardia;
- dimagrimento;
- ansia;
- depressione;
- aumento del consumo alcolico;
- modifica del sonno;
- astenia.
Il disturbo post traumatico da stress è più complesso da gestire, compare dopo eventi molto gravi come atti terroristici, terremoti, incidenti e, purtroppo, anche l’epidemia da COVID-19.
Può colpire chi ha perso i familiari, chi è stato gravemente malato o gli operatori sanitari che lavorano negli ospedali. I sintomi sono diversi:
- flashback e ricordi ricorrenti;
- incubi;
- iperattività;
- disturbi dell’umore come sentimento di vuoto;
- distacco dalla realtà quotidiana;
- perdita di interesse;
- irritabilità;
- ipervigilanza;
- difficoltà del sonno;
- scarsa concentrazione;
- rischio di iniziare ad abusare di droghe, alcol o farmaci.
Come è possibile superare questi traumi?
L Per i traumi lievi sarà innanzitutto importante capire che si sta per vivere un cambiamento, che la quotidianità che c’era prima non tornerà dall’oggi al domani e che bisognerà riadattarsi, E’ importante non negare le emozioni, ascoltare ciò che il nostro corpo ci dice e chiedere magari un supporto psicologico. Quindi:- concediamoci del tempo per metabolizzare
- permettiamoci di non stare bene
- condividiamo la nostra situazione con altri
- cerchiamo di vivere questa nuova realtà per ciò che di bello ha da offrirci senza rimpiangere quotidianamente ciò che ci manca
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